1. Tunbridge WMG, Evered DC, Hall R, Appleton D, Brewis M, Clark F, Evans JG, Young E, Bird T, Smith PA 1977 The spectrum of thyroid disease in a community: The Whickham Survey. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 7:481 – 493.
2. Vander JB, Gaston EA, Dawber TR 1968 The significance of nontoxic thyroid nodules. Ann Intern Med 69:537 – 540.
3. Tan GH, Gharib H 1997 Thyroid incidentalomas: Management approaches to nonpalpable nodules discovered incidentally on thyroid imaging. Ann Intern Med 126: 226 – 231.
4. Hegedus L 2004 Clinical practice. The thyroid nodule. N Engl J Med 351:1764 – 1771.
5. Mandel SJ 2004 A 64-year-old woman with a thyroid nodule. JAMA 292:2632 – 2642. 6. Sherman SI 2003 Thyroid carcinoma. Lancet 361:501 – 511.
7. Jemal A, Murray T, Ward E, Samuels A, Tiwari RC, Ghafoor A, Feuer EJ, Thun MJ 2005 Cancer statistics 2005. CA Cancer J Clin 55:10 – 30.
8. Hodgson NC, Button J, Solorzano CC 2004 Thyroid cancer: Is the incidence still increasing? Ann Surg Oncol 11:1093 – 1097.
9. Singer PA, Cooper DS, Daniels GH, Ladenson PW, Greenspan FS, Levy EG, Braverman LE, Clark OH, Mc- Dougall IR, Ain KV, Dorfman SG 1996 Treatment guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and well-differentiated thyroid cancer. American Thyroid Association. Arch Intern Med 28;156:2165 – 2172.
10. Thyroid Carcinoma Task Force 2001 AACE/AAES medical/ surgical guidelines for clinical practice: Management of thyroid Carcinoma. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. Endocr Pract 7:202 – 220.
11. British Thyroid Association and Royal College of Physicians 2002 Guidelines for the management of thyroid cancer in adults. www.british-thyroid-association.org (Last accessed November 21, 2005).
12. Thyroid carcinoma. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/ thyroid.pdf (Last accessed November 21, 2005).
13. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Ratings: Strength of Recommendations and Quality of Evidence. Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, 3rd ed., Periodic Updates, 2000 – 2003. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD.
14. Marqusee E, Benson CB, Frates MC, Doubilet PM, Larsen PR, Cibas ES, Mandel SJ 2000 Usefulness of ultrasonography in the management of nodular thyroid disease. Ann Intern Med 1339:696 – 700.
15. Hagag P, Strauss S, Weiss M 1998 Role of ultrasoundguided fine-needle aspiration biopsy in evaluation of nonpalpable thyroid nodules. Thyroid 8:989 – 995. 16. Curtis RE, Rowlings PA, Deeg HJ, Shriner DA, Soci é G, Travis LB, Horowitz MM, Witherspoon RP, Hoover RN, Sobocinski KA, Fraumeni JF, Boice JD, Schoch HG, Sale GE, Storb R, Travis WD, Kolb HJ, Gale RP, Passweg JR 1997 Solid cancers after bone marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med 336:897 – 904.
17. Pacini F, Vorontsova T, Demidchik E, Molinaro E, Agate, L, Romei C, Shavrova E, Cherstvoy ED, Ivashkevitch Y, Kuchinskaya E, Schlumberger M, Ronga G, Filesi M, Pinchera A 1997 Post-Chernobyl thyroid carcinoma in belarus children and adolescents: Comparison with naturally occurring thyroid carcinoma in Italy and France. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:3563 – 3569.
18. Hall TL, Layfield LJ, Philippe A, Rosenthal D 1989 Sources of diagnostic error in fine needle aspiration of the thyroid. Cancer 63:718 – 725.
19. Alexander EK, Heering JP, Benson CB, Frates MC, Doubilet PM, Cibas ES, Marqusee E 2002 Assessment of nondiagnostic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration of thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:4924 – 4927.
20. Brander A, Viikinkoski P, Tuuhea J, Voutilainen L, Kivisaari L 1992 Clinical versus ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland in common clinical practice. J Clin Ultrasound 20:37 – 42.
21. Tan GH, Gharib H, Reading CC 1995 Solitary thyroid nodule. Arch Intern Med 155:2418 – 2423.
22. Yokozawa T, Miyauchi A, Kuma K, Sugawara M 1995 Accurate and simple method of diagnosing thyroid nodules by the modified technique of ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy. Thyroid 5:141 – 145.
23. Pacini F, Pinchera A, Giani C, Grasso L, Doveri F, Baschieri L 1980 Serum thyroglobulin in thyroid carcinoma and other thyroid disorders. J Endocrinol Invest 3:283 – 292.
24. Elisei R, Bottici V, Luchetti F, Di Coscio G, Romei C, Grasso L, Miccoli P, Iacconi P, Basolo F, Pinchera A, Pacini F 2004 Impact of routine measurement of serum calcitonin on the diagnosis and outcome of medullary thyroid cancer: Experience in 10,864 patients with nodular thyroid disorders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:163 – 168.
25. Hahm JR, Lee MS, Min YK, Lee MK, Kim KW, Nam SJ, Yang JH, Chung JH 2001 Routine measurement of serum calcitonin is useful for early detection of medullary thyroid carcinoma in patients with nodular thyroid diseases. Thyroid 11:73 – 80.
26. Niccoli P, Wion-Barbot N, Caron P, Henry JF, de Micco C, Saint Andre JP, Bigorgne JC, Modigliani E, Conte-Devolx B 1997 Interest of routine measurement of serum calcitonin: Study in a large series of thyroidectomized patients. The French Medullary Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:338 – 341.
27. Gagel RF, Hoff AO, Cote GJ 2005 Medullary thyroid carcinoma. In: Werner and Ingbar ’ s The Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp. 967– 988.
COOPER ET AL. 24
28. Braga M, Cavalcanti TC, Collaco LM, Graf H 2001 Efficacy of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of complex thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:4089 – 4091.
29. de los Santos ET, Keyhani-Rofagha S, Cunningham JJ, Mazzaferri EL 1990 Cystic thyroid nodules. The dilemma of malignant lesions. Arch Intern Med 150:1422 – 1427.
30. Yeh MW, Demircan O, Ituarte P, Clark OH 2004 False-negative fine-needle aspiration cytology results delay treatment and adversely affect outcome in patients with thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 14:207 – 215.
31. Gharib H, Goellner JR, Johnson DA 1993 Fine-needle aspiration cytology of the thyroid. A 12-year experience with 11,000 biopsies. Clin Lab Med 13:699 – 709.
32. Tuttle RM, Lemar H, Burch HB 1998 Clinical features associated with an increased risk of thyroid malignancy in patients with follicular neoplasia by fine-needle aspiration. Thyroid 8:377 – 383.
33. Kelman AS, Rathan A, Leibowitz J, Burstein DE, Haber RS 2001 Thyroid cytology and the risk of malignancy in thyroid nodules: Importance of nuclear atypia in indeterminate specimens. Thyroid 11:271 – 277.
34. Segev DL, Clark DP, Zeiger MA, Umbricht C 2003 Beyond the suspicious thyroid fine needle aspirate. A review. Acta Cytol 47(5):709 – 722.
35. Haugen BR, Woodmansee WW, McDermott MT 2002 Towards improving the utility of fine-needle aspiration biopsy for the diagnosis of thyroid tumors. Clin Endocrinol 56:281 – 290.
36. Tyler DS, Winchester DJ, Caraway NP, Hickey RC, Evans DB 1994 Indeterminate fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid: Identification of subgroups at high risk for invasive carcinoma. Surgery 116:1054 – 1060.
37. Papini E, Guglielmi R, Bianchini A, Crescenzi A, Taccogna S, Nardi F, Panuozi C, Rinaldi R, Toscano V, Pacella CM 2002 Risk of malignancy in nonpalpable thyroid nodules: Predictive value of ultrasound and color-doppler features. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:1941 – 1946.
38. Leenhardt L, Hejblum G, Franc B, Du Pasquier F, Delbot T, Le Guillouzic D, Menegaux F, Guillausseau C, Hoang C, Turpin G, Aurengo A 1999 Indications and limits of ultrasound- guided cytology in the management of nonpalpable thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:24 – 28.
39. Wienke JR, Chong WK, Fileding JR, Zou KH, Mittelstatedt CA 2003 Sonographic features of benign nodules. J Ultrasound Med 22:1027 – 1031.
40. Carmeci C, Jeffrey RB, McDougall IR, Nowels KW, Weigel RJ 1998 Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid masses. Thyroid 8:283 – 289.
41. Ylagan LR, Farkas T, Dehner LP 2004 Fine needle aspiration of the thyroid: A cytohistologic correlation and study of discrepant cases. Thyroid 14:35 – 41.
42. Alexander EK, Hurwitz S, Heering JP, Benson CB, Frates MC, Doubilet PM, Cibas ES, Larsen PR, Margusee E 2003 Natural history of benign solid and cystic thyroid nodules. Ann Intern Med 138:315 – 318.
43. Erdogan MF, Kamel N, Aras D, Akdogan A, Baskal N, Erdogan G 1998 Value of re-aspirations in benign nodular thyroid disease. Thyroid 8:1087 – 1090.
44. Danese D, Sciacchitano S, Farsetti A, Andreoli M, Pontecorvi A 1998 Diagnostic accuracy of conventional versus sonography-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules. Thyroid 8:15 – 21.
45. Orlandi A, Puscar A, Capriata E, Fideleff H 2005 Repeated fine-needle aspiration of the thyroid in benign nodular thyroid disease: Critical evaluation of long-term follow-up. Thyroid 15:274 – 278.
46. Papini E, Petrucci L, Guglielmi R, Panunzi C, Rinaldo R, Bacci V, Crescenzi A, Nardi F, Fabrinni R, Pacella CM 1998 Long-term changes in nodular goiter: A 5-year prospective randomized trial of levothyroxine suppressive therapy for benign cold thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:780 – 783.
47. Brander AE, Viikinkoski VP, Nickels JI, Kivisaari LM 2000 Importance of thyroid abnormalities detected at US screening: A 5-year follow-up. Radiology 215:801 – 806.
48. Zelmanovitz F, Genro S, Gross JL 1998 Suppressive therapy with levothyroxine for solitary thyroid nodules: A double- blind controlled clinical study and cumulative metaanalyses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:3881 – 3885.
49. Wemeau JL, Caron P, Schvartz C, Schlienger JL, Orgiazzi J, Cousty C, Vlaeminck-Guillem V 2002 Effects of thyroidstimulating hormone suppression with levothyroxine in reducing the volume of solitary thyroid nodules and improving extranodular nonpalpable changes: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial by the French Thyroid Research Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:4928 – 4934.
50. Castro MR, Caraballo PJ, Morris JC 2002 Effectiveness of thyroid hormone suppressive therapy in benign solitary thyroid nodules: A meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:4154 – 4159.
51. Rallison ML, Dobyns BM, Keating FR Jr, Rall JE, Tyler FH 1975 Thyroid nodularity in children. JAMA 8;233:1069 – 1072.
52. Raab SS, Silverman JF, Elsheikh TM, Thomas PA, Wakely PE 1995 Pediatric thyroid nodules: Disease demographics and clinical management as determined by fine needle aspiration biopsy. Pediatrics 95:46 – 49.
53. Corrias A, Einaudi S, Chiorboli E, Weber G, Crino A, Andreo M, Cesaretti G, de Sanctis L, Messina MF, Segni M, Cicchetti M, Vigone M, Pasquino AM, Spera S, de Luca F, Mussa GC, Bona G 2001 Accuracy of fine needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules in detecting malignancy in childhood: Comparison with conventional clinical, laboratory, and imaging approaches. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:4644 – 4648.
54. Hung W 1999 Solitary thyroid nodules in 93 children and adolescents, a 35-years experience. Horm Res 52:15 – 18.
55. Gharib H, Zimmerman D, Goellner JR, Bridley SM, LeBlanc SM 1995 Fine-needle aspiration biopsy: Use in diagnosis and management of pediatric thyroid diseases. Endocr Pract 1:9 – 13.
56. Arda IS, Yildirim S, Demirhan B, Firat S 2001 Fine needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules. Arch Dis Child 85:313 – 317.
57. Tan GH, Gharib H, Goellner JR, van Heerden JA, Bahn RS 1996 Management of thyroid nodules in pregnancy. Arch Intern Med 156:2317 – 2320.
58. Mestman JH, Goodman TM, Montoro MM 1995 Thyroid disorders of pregnancy. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 24:41 – 71.
59. Herzon FS, Morris DM, Segal MN, Rauch G, Parnell T 1994 Coexistent thyroid cancer and pregnancy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 120:1191 – 1193.
60. Moosa M, Mazzaferri EL 1997 Outcome of differentiated thyroid cancer diagnosed in pregnant women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:2862 – 2866.
61. Mazzaferri EL, Jhiang SM 1994 Long-term impact of initial surgical and medical therapy on papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. Am J Med 97:418 – 428.
DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CANCER: MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES 25
62. Hay ID, Bergstralh EJ, Goellner JR, Ebersold JR, Grant CS 1993 Predicting outcome in papillary thyroid carcinoma: Development of a reliable prognostic scoring system in a cohort of 1779 patients surgically treated at one institution during 1940 through 1989. Surgery 114:1050 – 1057; discussion 1057 – 1058.
63. Shah MD, Hall FT, Eski SJ, Witterick IJ, Walfish PG, Freeman JL 2003 Clinical course of thyroid carcinoma after neck dissection. Laryngoscope 113:2102 – 2107.
64. Wang TS, Dubner S, Sznyter LA, Heller KS 2004 Incidence of metastatic well-differentiated thyroid cancer in cervical lymph nodes. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 130:110 – 113.
65. Sosa JA, Bowman HM, Tielsch JM, Powe NR, Gordon TA, Udelsman R 1998 The importance of surgeon experience for clinical and economic outcomes from thyroidectomy. Ann Surg 228:320 – 330.
66. Friedman M, Pacella BL Jr 1990 Total versus subtotal thyroidectomy. Arguments, approaches, and recommendations. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 23:413 – 427.
67. Brierley JD, Panzarella T, Tsang RW, Gospodarowicz MK, O ’ Sullivan B 1997 A comparison of different staging systems predictability of patient outcome. Thyroid carcinoma as an example. Cancer 79:2414 – 2423.
68. Hay ID, Thompson GB, Grant CS, Bergstralh EJ, Dvorak CE, Gorman CA, Mauver MS, McIver B, Mullan BP, Oberg AL, Powell CC, van Heerden JA, Goellner JA 2002 Papillary thyroid carcinoma managed at the Mayo Clinic during six decades (1940 – 1999): Temporal trends in initial therapy and long-term outcome in 2444 consecutively treated patients. World J Surg 26:879 – 885.
69. Lin JD, Chao TC, Huang MJ, Weng HF, Tzen KY 1998 Use of radioactive iodine for thyroid remnant ablation in welldifferentiated thyroid carcinoma to replace thyroid reoperation. Am J Clin Oncol 21:77 – 81.
70. Esnaola NF, Cantor SB, Sherman SI, Lee JE, Evans DB 2001 Optimal treatment strategy in patients with papillary thyroid cancer: A decision analysis. Surgery 130:921 – 930.
71. Mazzaferri EL 1999 An overview of the management of papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 9:421 – 427.
72. Mazzaferri EL 2000 Long-term outcome of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma: Effect of therapy. Endocr Pract 6:469 – 476.
73. Cooper DS, Specker B, Ho M, Sperling M, Ladenson PW, Ross DS, Ain KB, Bigos ST, Brierly JD, Hangen BR, Klein I, Robbins J, Sherman SI, Taylor T, Maxon HR 3rd 1998 Thyrotropin suppression and disease progression in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer: Results from the National Thyroid Cancer Treatment Cooperative Registry. Thyroid 8:737 – 744.
74. Kim TH, Yang DS, Jung KY, Kim CY, Choi MS 2003 Value of external irradiation for locally advanced papillary thyroid cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 55:1006 – 1012.
75. Grebe SK, Hay ID 1996 Thyroid cancer nodal metastases: Biologic significance and therapeutic considerations. Surg Oncol Clin North Am 5:43 – 63.
76. Scheumann GF, Gimm O, Wegener G, Hundeshagen H, Dralle H 1994 Prognostic significance and surgical management of locoregional lymph node metastases in papillary thyroid cancer. World J Surg 18:559 – 568.
77. Ito Y, Uruno T, Nakano K, Takamura Y, Miya A, Kobayashi K, Yokozawa T, Matsuzuka F, Kuma S, Kuma K, Miyauchi A 2003 An observation trial without surgical treatment in patients with papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid. Thyroid 13:381 – 387.
78. Chow SM, Law SC, Chan JK, Au SK, Yau S, Lau WH 2003 Papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid — Prognostic significance of lymph node metastasis and multifocality. Cancer 98:31 – 40.
79. Nam-Goong IS, Kim HY, Gong G, Lee HK, Hong SJ, Kim WB, Shong YK 2004 Ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration of thyroid incidentaloma: Correlation with pathological findings. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 60:21 – 28.
80. Hay ID, Grant CS, van Heerden JA, Goellner JR, Ebersold JR, Bergstralh EJ 1992 Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: A study of 535 cases observed in a 50-year period. Surgery 112:1139 – 1146; discussion 1146 – 1147.
81. Qubain SW, Nakano S, Baba M, Takao S, Aikou T 2002 Distribution of lymph node micrometastasis in pN0 well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Surgery 131:249 – 256.
82. Arturi F, Russo D, Giuffrida D, Ippolito A, Perrotti N, Vigneri R, Filetti S 1997 Early diagnosis by genetic analysis of differentiated thyroid cancer metastases in small lymph nodes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:1638 – 1641.
83. Solorzano CC, Carneiro DM, Ramirez M, Lee TM, Irvin GL 3rd 2004 Surgeon-performed ultrasound in the management of thyroid malignancy. Am Surg 70:576 – 580; discussion 580 – 582.
84. Shimamoto K, Satake H, Sawaki A, Ishigaki T, Funahashi H, Imai T 1998 Preoperative staging of thyroid papillary carcinoma with ultrasonography. Eur J Radiol 29:4 – 10.
85. Stephenson BM, Wheeler MH, Clark OH 1994 The role of total thyroidectomy in the management of differentiated thyroid cancer. Curr Opin Gen Surg 53 – 59.
86. Kresnik E, Gallowitsch HJ, Mikosch P, Steltner H, Igere I, Gome I, Kumnig G, Lind P 2003 Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the preoperative assessment of thyroid nodules in an endemic goiter area. Surgery 133:294 – 299.
87. Zbaren P, Becker M, Lang H 1997 Pretherapeutic staging of hypopharyngeal carcinoma. Clinical findings, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging compared with histopathologic evaluation. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 123:908 – 913.
88. Spencer CA, Bergoglio LM, Kazarosyan M, Fatemi S, Lo- Presti JS 2005 Clinical impact of thyroglobulin (Tg) and Tg autoantibody method differences on the management of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:5566 – 5575.
89. Doherty GM, Skogseid BM (eds) 2001 Surgical Endocrinology. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.
90. Gharib H, Goellner JR, Zinsmeister AR, Grant CS, Van Heerden JA 1984 Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid. The problem of suspicious cytologic findings. Ann Intern Med 101:25 – 28.
91. Baloch ZW, Fleisher S, LiVolsi VA, Gupta PK 2002 Diagnosis of “ follicular neoplasm ” : A gray zone in thyroid fineneedle aspiration cytology. Diagn Cytopathol 26:41 – 44.
92. Sclabas GM, Staerkel GA, Shapiro SE, Fornage BD, Sherman SI, Vassillopoulou-Sellin R, Lu JE, Evans DB 2003 Fine-needle aspiration of the thyroid and correlation with histopathology in a contemporary series of 240 patients. Am J Surg 186:702 – 709; discussion 709 – 710.
93. Goldstein RE, Netterville JL, Burkey B, Johnson JE 2002 Implications of follicular neoplasms, atypia, and lesions suspicious for malignancy diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration of thyroid nodules. Ann Surg 235:656 – 662; discussion 662 – 664.
94. Schlinkert RT, van Heerden JA, Goellner JR, Gharib H, Smith SL, Rosales RF, Weaver AL 1997 Factors that predict
COOPER ET AL
malignant thyroid lesions when fine-needle aspiration is “suspicious for follicular neoplasm. ” Mayo Clin Proc 72:913 – 916.
95. Rouxel A, Hejblum G, Bernier M, Boelle PY, Menegaux F, Mansour G, Hoang C, Aurengo A, Leenhardt L 2004 Prognostic factors associated with the survival of patients developing loco-regional recurrences of differentiated thyroid carcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:5362 – 5368.
96. van Heerden JA, Hay ID, Goellner JR, Salomao D, Ebursold JR, Bergstralh EJ, Grant CS 1992 Follicular thyroid carcinoma with capsular invasion alone: A nonthreatening malignancy. Surgery 112:1130 – 1136; discussion 1136 – 1138.
97. Mazzaferri EL, Young RL 1981 Papillary thyroid carcinoma: A 10 year follow-up report of the impact of therapy in 576 patients. Am J Med 70:511 – 518.
98. DeGroot LJ, Kaplan EL, McCormick M, Straus FH 1990 Natural history, treatment, and course of papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 71:414 – 424.
99. Samaan NA, Schultz PN, Hickey RC, Goepfert H, Haynie TP, Johnson DA, Ordonez NG 1992 The results of various modalities of treatment of well differentiated thyroid carcinomas: A retrospective review of 1599 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75:714 – 720.
100. Shaha AR, Shah JP, Loree TR 1997 Differentiated thyroid cancer presenting initially with distant metastasis. Am J Surg 174:474 – 476.
101. Sanders LE, Cady B 1998 Differentiated thyroid cancer: Reexamination of risk groups and outcome of treatment. Arch Surg 133:419 – 425.
102. Kouvaraki MA, Shapiro SE, Fornage BD, Edeiken-Monro BS, Sherman Si, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Lee JE, Evans DB 2003 Role of preoperative ultrasonography in the surgical management of patients with thyroid cancer. Surgery 134:946 – 954; discussion 954 – 955.
103. Tisell LE, Nilsson B, Molne J, Hansson G, Fjalling M, Jansson S, Wingren U 1996 Improved survival of patients with papillary thyroid cancer after surgical microdissection. World J Surg 20:854 – 859.
104. Olson JA, Jr., DeBenedetti MK, Baumann DS, Wells SA Jr. 1996 Parathyroid autotransplantation during thyroidectomy. Results of long-term follow-up. Ann Surg 223:472 – 478; discussion 478 – 480.
105. Gimm O, Rath FW, Dralle H 1998 Pattern of lymph node metastases in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Br J Surg 85:252 – 254.
106. Henry JF, Gramatica L, Denizot A, Kvachenyuk A, Puccini M, Defechereux T 1998 Morbidity of prophylactic lymph node dissection in the central neck area in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Langenbecks Arch Surg 383:167 – 169.
107. Cheah WK, Arici C, Ituarte PH, Siperstein AE, Duh QY, Clark OH 2002 Complications of neck dissection for thyroid cancer. World J Surg 26:1013 – 1016.
108. Machens A, Hinze R, Thomusch O, Dralle H 2002 Pattern of nodal metastasis for primary and reoperative thyroid cancer.World J Surg 26:22 – 28.
109. Gemsenjager E, Perren A, Seifert B, Schuler G, Schweizer I, Heitz PU 2003 Lymph node surgery in papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Am Coll Surg 197:182 – 190.
110. Ito Y, Tomoda C, Uruno T, Takamura Y, Miya A, Kobayashi K, Matsuzuka F, Kuma K, Miyauchi A 2004 Preoperative ultrasonographic examination for lymph node metastasis: Usefulness when designing lymph node dissection for papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid. World J Surg 28:498 – 501.
111. Kupferman ME, Patterson M, Mandel SJ, LiVolsi V, Weber RS 2004 Patterns of lateral neck metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 130:857 – 860.
112. Kupferman ME, Patterson DM, Mandel SJ, LiVolsi V, Weber RS 2004 Safety of modified radical neck dissection for differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Laryngoscope 114:403 – 406.
113. Goropoulos A, Karamoshos K, Christodoulou A, Ntitsias T, Paulou K, Samaras A, Xirou P, Efstratiou I 2004 Value of the cervical compartments in the surgical treatment of papillary thyroid carcinoma. World J Surg 28:1275 – 1281.
114. Pacini F, Elisei R, Capezzone M, Miccoli P, Molinaro E, Basolo F, Agate L, Bottici V, Raffaelli M, Pinchera A 2001 Contralateral papillary thyroid cancer is frequent at completion thyroidectomy with no difference in low- and high-risk patients. Thyroid 11:877 – 881.
115. Pasieka JL, Thompson NW, McLeod MK, Burney RE, Macha M 1992 The incidence of bilateral well-differentiated thyroid cancer found at completion thyroidectomy. World J Surg 16:711 – 716; discussion 716 – 717.
116. Kim ES, Kim TY, Koh JM, Kim YI, Hong SJ, Kim WB, Shong YK 2004 Completion thyroidectomy in patients with thyroid cancer who initially underwent unilateral operation. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 61:145 – 148.
117. Erdem E, Gulcelik MA, Kuru B, Alagol H 2003 Comparison of completion thyroidectomy and primary surgery for differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 29:747 – 749.
118. Shaha AR, Jaffe BM 1992 Completion thyroidectomy: A critical appraisal. Surgery 112:1148 – 1152; discussion 1152 – 1153.
119. Randolph GW, Daniels GH 2002 Radioactive iodine lobe ablation as an alternative to completion thyroidectomy for follicular carcinoma of the thyroid. Thyroid 12:989 – 996.
120. Loh KC, Greenspan FS, Gee L, Miller TR, Yeo PP 1997 Pathological tumor-node-metastasis (pTNM) staging for papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas: A retrospective analysis of 700 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:3553 – 3562.
121. Wittekind C, Compton CC, Greene FL, Sobin LH 2002 TNM residual tumor classification revisited. Cancer 94:2511 – 2516.
122. Byar DP, Green SB, Dor P, Williams ED, Colon J, van Gilse HA, Mayer M, Sylvester RJ, van Glabbeke M 1979 A prognostic index for thyroid carcinoma. A study of the E.O.R.T.C. Thyroid Cancer Cooperative Group. Eur J Cancer 15:1033 – 1041.
123. Cady B, Rossi R 1998 An expanded view of risk-group definition in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Surgery 104:947 – 953.
124. Shaha AR, Loree TR, Shah JP 1995 Prognostic factors and risk group analysis in follicular carcinoma of the thyroid. Surgery 118:1131 – 1136; discussion 1136 – 1138.
125. Sherman SI, Brierley JD, Sperling M, Ain KB, Bigos SJ, Cooper DS, Hangen BR, Ho M, Klein I, Ladenson PW, Robbins J, Ross DS, Specker B, Taylor T, Maxon HR 3rd 1998 Prospective multicenter study of thyroid carcinoma treatment: Initial analysis of staging and outcome. National Thyroid Cancer Treatment Cooperative Study Registry Group. Cancer 83:1012 – 1021.
126. Mazzaferri EL, Jhiang SM 1994 Differentiated thyroid cancer long-term impact of initial therapy. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 106:151 – 168; discussion 168 – 170.
127. Taylor T, Specker B, Robbins J, Sperling M, Ho M, Ain K, Bigos ST, Brierly J, Cooper D, Haugen B, Hay I, Hertzberg V, Klein I, Klein H, Ladenson P, Nishiyama R, Ross D,
DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CANCER: MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES 27
Sherman S, Maxon HR 1998 Outcome after treatment of high-risk papillary and non-Hurthle-cell follicular thyroid carcinoma. Ann Intern Med 129:622 – 627.
128. Sawka AM, Thephamongkhol K, Brouwers M, Thabane L, Browman G, Gerstein HC 2004 Clinical review 170: A systematic review and metaanalysis of the effectiveness of radioactive iodine remnant ablation for well-differentiated thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:3668 – 3676.
129. Kim S, Wei JP, Braveman JM, Brams DM 2004 Predicting outcome and directing therapy for papillary thyroid carcinoma. Arch Surg 139:390 – 394; discussion 393 – 394.
130. Sugitani I, Fujimoto Y 1999 Symptomatic versus asymptomatic papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: A retrospective analysis of surgical outcome and prognostic factors. Endocr J 46:209 – 216.
131. Hundahl SA, Fleming ID, Fremgen AM, Menck HR 1998 A National Cancer Data Base report on 53,856 cases of thyroid carcinoma treated in the U.S., 1985– 1995. Cancer 83:2638 – 2648.
132. Mazzaferri EL 1997 Thyroid remnant 131 I ablation for papillaryand follicular thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 7:265 – 271.
133. Edmonds CJ, Hayes S, Kermode JC, Thompson BD 1977 Measurement of serum TSH and thyroid hormones in the management of treatment of thyroid carcinoma with radioiodine. Br J Radiol 50:799 – 807.
134. Torres MS, Ramirez L, Simkin PH, Braverman LE, Emerson CH 2001 Effect of various doses of recombinant human thyrotropin on the thyroid radioactive iodine uptake and serum levels of thyroid hormones and thyroglobulin in normal subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:1660 – 1664.
135. Hershman JM, Edwards CL 1972 Serum thyrotropin (TSH) levels after thyroid ablation compared with TSH levels after exogenous bovine TSH: Implications for 131-I treatment of thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 34:814 – 818.
136. Martin ND 1978 Endogenous serum TSH levels and metastatic survey scans in thyroid cancer patients using triiodothyronine withdrawal. Clin Nucl Med 3:401 – 403.
137. Hilts SV, Hellman D, Anderson J, Woolfenden J, Van Antwerp J, Patton D 1979 Serial TSH determination after T3 withdrawal or thyroidectomy in the therapy of thyroid carcinoma. J Nucl Med 20:928 – 932.
138. Goldman JM, Line BR, Aamodt RL, Robobins J 1980 Influence of triiodothyronine withdrawal time on 131I uptake postthyroidectomy for thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 50:734 – 739.
139. Schneider AB, Line B, Goldman JM, Robbins J 1981 Sequential serum thyroglobulin determinations, 131 I scans, and 131 I uptakes after triiodothyronine withdrawal in patients with thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 53:1199 – 1206.
140. Maxon HR, Thomas SR, Hertzberg VS, Kereiakes JG, Chen IW, Sperling MI, Saenger EL 1983 Relation between effective radiation dose and outcome of radioiodine therapy for thyroid cancer. N Engl J Med 309:937 – 941.
141. Liel Y 2002 Preparation for radioactive iodine administration in differentiated thyroid cancer patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 57:523 – 527.
142. Sanchez R, Espinosa-de-los-Monteros AL, Mendoza V, Brea E, Hernandez I, Sosa E, Mercado M 2002 Adequate thyroid- stimulating hormone levels after levothyroxine discontinuation in the follow-up of patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Arch Med Res 33:478 – 481.
143. Grigsby PW, Siegel BA, Bekker S, Clutter WE, Moley JF 2004 Preparation of patients with thyroid cancer for 131 I scintigraphy or therapy by 1– 3 weeks of thyroxine discontinuation.J Nucl Med 45:567 – 570.
144. Serhal DI, Nasrallah MP, Arafah BM 2004 Rapid rise in serum thyrotropin concentrations after thyroidectomy or withdrawal of suppressive thyroxine therapy in preparation for radioactive iodine administration to patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:3285 – 3289.
145. Guimaraes V, DeGroot LJ 1996 Moderate hypothyroidism in preparation for whole body 131I scintiscans and thyroglobulin testing. Thyroid 6:69 – 73.
146. Maxon HR 1999 Detection of residual and recurrent thyroid cancer by radionuclide imaging. Thyroid 9:443 – 446.
147. Carril JM, Quirce R, Serrano J, Banzo I, Jimenez-Bonilla JF, Tabuenca O, Barquin RG 1997 Total-body scintigraphy with thallium-201 and iodine-131 in the follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer J Nucl Med 38:686 – 692.
148. Muratet JP, Giraud P, Daver A, Minier JF, Gamelin E, Larra F 1997 Predicting the efficacy of first iodine-131 treatment in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Nucl Med 38:1362 – 1368.
149. Park HM, Park YH, Zhou XH 1997 Detection of thyroid remnant/metastasis without stunning: An ongoing dilemma. Thyroid 7:277 – 280.
150. Hilditch TE, Dempsey MF, Bolster AA, McMenemin RM, Reed NS 2002 Self-stunning in thyroid ablation: Evidence from comparative studies of diagnostic 131 I and 123 I. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 29:783 – 788.
151. Lassmann M, Luster M, Hanscheid H, Reiners C 2004 Impact of (131)I diagnostic activities on the biokinetics of thyroid remnants. J Nucl Med 45:619 – 625.
152. Anderson GS, Fish S, Nakhoda K, Zhuang H, Alava A, Mandel SJ 2003 Comparsion of I-123 and I-131 for wholebody imaging after stimulation by recombinant human thyrotropin: A preliminary report. Clin Nucl Med 28:93 – 96.
153. Gerard SK, Cavalieri RR 2002 I-123 diagnostic thyroid tumor whole-body scanning with imaging at 6, 24, and 48 hours. Clin Nucl Med 27:1 – 8.
154. Rosario PW, Reis JS, Barroso AL, Rezende LL, Padrao EL, Fagundes TA 2004 Efficacy of low and high 131 I doses for thyroid remnant ablation in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma based on post-operative cervical uptake. Nucl Med Commun 25:1077 – 1081.
155. Bal C, Padhy AK, Jana S, Pant GS, Basu AK 1996 Prospective randomized clinical trial to evaluate the optimal dose of 131 I for remnant ablation in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 77:2574 – 2580.
156. Creutzig H 1987 High or low dose radioiodine ablation of thyroid remnants? Eur J Nucl Med 12:500 – 502.
157. Johansen K, Woodhouse NJ, Odugbesan O 1991 Comparison of 1073 MBq and 3700 MBq iodine-131 in postoperative ablation of residual thyroid tissue in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. J Nucl Med 32:252 – 254.
158. Doi SA, Woodhouse NJ 2000 Ablation of the thyroid remnant and 131 I dose in differentiated thyroid cancer. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 52:765 – 773.
159. Robbins RJ, Larson SM, Sinha N, Shaha A, Divgi C, Pentlow KS, Gihossein R, Tuttle RM 2002 A retrospective review of the effectiveness of recombinant human TSH as a preparation for radioiodine thyroid remnant ablation. J Nucl Med 43:1482 – 1488.
160. Pacini F, Molinaro E, Castagna MG, Lippi F, Ceccarelli C, Agate L, Elisei R, Pinchera A 2002 Ablation of thyroid residues with 30 mCi (131)I: A comparison in thyroid cancer patients prepared with recombinant human TSH or thyroid hormone withdrawal. J Clin Endocrinol Metab
87:4063 – 4068. COOPER ET AL. 28
161. Barbaro D, Boni G, Meucci G, Simi U, Lapi P, Orsini P, Pasquini G, Piazza F, Caciagli M, Mariani G, 2003 Radioiodine treatment with 30 mCi after recombinant human thyrotropin stimulation in thyroid cancer: Effectiveness for postsurgical remnants ablation and possible role of iodine content in L-thyroxine in the outcome of ablation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:4110 – 4115.
162. Maxon HR, Thomas SR, Boehringer A, Drilling J, Sperling MI, Sparks JC, Chen IW 1983 Low iodine diet in I-131 ablation of thyroid remnants. Clin Nucl Med 8:123 – 126.
163. Goslings BM 1975 Proceedings: Effect of a low iodine diet on 131-I therapy in follicular thyroid carcinomata. J Endocrinol 64:30P.
164. Pluijmen MJ, Eustatia-Rutten C, Goslings BM, Stokkel MP, Arias AM, Diamant M, Romijn JA, Smit JW 2003 Effects of low-iodide diet on postsurgical radioiodide ablation therapy in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 58:428 – 435.
165. Fatourechi V, Hay ID, Mullan BP, Wiseman GA, Eghbali- Fatourechi GZ, Thorson LM, Gorman CA 2000 Are posttherapy radioiodine scans informative and do they influence subsequent therapy of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer? Thyroid 10:573 – 577.
166. Sherman SI, Tielens ET, Sostre S, Wharam MD Jr, Ladenson PW 1994 Clinical utility of posttreatment radioiodine scans in the management of patients with thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78:629 – 634.
167. Souza Rosario PW, Barroso AL, Rezende LL, Padrao EL, Fagundes TA, Penna GC, Purisch S 2004 Post I-131 therapy scanning in patients with thyroid carcinoma metastases: An unnecessary cost or a relevant contribution? Clin Nucl Med 29:795 – 798.
168. McGriff NJ, Csako G, Gourgiotis L, Lori CG, Pucino F, Sarlis NJ 2002 Effects of thyroid hormone suppression therapy on adverse clinical outcomes in thyroid cancer. Ann Med 34:554 – 564.
169. Pujol P, Daures JP, Nsakala N, Baldet L, Bringer J, Jaffiol C 1996 Degree of thyrotropin suppression as a prognostic determinant in differentiated thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:4318 – 4323.
170. Toft AD 2001 Clinical practice. Subclinical hyperthyroidism. N Engl J Med 345:512 – 516.
171. Wilson PC, Millar BM, Brierley JD 2004 The management of advanced thyroid cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 16:561 – 568.
172. Ford D, Giridharan S, McConkey C, Hartley A, Brammer C, Watkinson JC, Glaholm J 2003 External beam radiotherapy in the management of differentiated thyroid cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 15:337 – 341.
173. Mazzarotto R, Cesaro MG, Lora O, Rubello D, Casara D, Sotti G 2000 The role of external beam radiotherapy in the management of differentiated thyroid cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 54:345 – 349.
174. Tsang RW, Brierley JD, Simpson WJ, Panzarella T, Gospodarowicz MK, Sutcliffe SB 1998 The effects of surgery, radioiodine, and external radiation therapy on the clinical outcome of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 82:375 – 388.
175. Kim JH, Leeper RD 1983 Combination adriamycin and radiation therapy for locally advanced carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 9:565 – 567.
176. Kim JH, Leeper RD 1987 Treatment of locally advanced thyroid carcinoma with combination doxorubicin and radiation therapy. Cancer 60:2372 – 2375.
177. Schlumberger M, Berg G, Cohen O, Duntas L, Jamar F, Jarzab B, Limbert E, Lind P, Pacini F, Reiners C, Sanchez Franco F, Toft A, Wiersinga WM 2004 Follow-up of lowrisk patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma: A European perspective. Eur J Endocrinol 150:105 – 112.
178. Toubeau M, Touzery C, Arveux P, Chaplain G, Vaillant G, Berriolo A, Riedinger JM, Boichot C, Cochet A, Brunolte F 2004 Predictive value for disease progression of serum thyroglobulin levels measured in the postoperative period and after (131)I ablation therapy in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. J Nucl Med 45:988 – 994.
179. Rouxel A, Hejblum G, Bernier MO, Boelle PY, Menegaux F, Mansour G, Hoang C, Aurengo A, Leenhardt L 2004 Prognostic factors associated with the survival of patients developing loco-regional recurrences of differentiated thyroid carcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:5362 – 5368.
180. Wenig BM, Thompson LD, Adair CF, Shmookler B, Heffess CS 1998 Thyroid papillary carcinoma of columnar cell type: A clinicopathologic study of 16 cases. Cancer 82:740 – 753.
181. Prendiville S, Burman KD, Ringel MD, Shmookler BM, Deeb ZE, Wolfe K, Azumi N, Wartofsky L, Sessions RB 2000 Tall cell variant: An aggressive form of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 122:352 – 357.
182. Akslen LA, Livolsi VA 2000 Prognostic significance of histologic grading compared with subclassification of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 88:1902 – 1908.
183. Cailleux AF, Baudin E, Travagli JP, Ricard M, Schlumberger M 2000 Is diagnostic iodine-131 scanning useful after total thyroid ablation for differentiated thyroid cancer? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:175 – 178.
184. Bachelot A, Cailleux AF, Klain M, Baudin E, Ricard M, Bellon N, Caillou B, Travagli JP, Schlumberger M 2002 Relationship between tumor burden and serum thyroglobulin level in patients with papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 12:707 – 711.
185. Eustatia-Rutten CF, Smit JW, Romijn JA, van der Kleij- Corssmit EP, Pereira AM, Stokkel MP, Kievit J 2004 Diagnostic value of serum thyroglobulin measurements in the follow-up of differentiated thyroid carcinoma, a structured meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 61:61 – 74.
186. Mazzaferri EL, Robbins RJ, Braverman LE, Pacini F, Haugen B, Wartofsky L, Haugen BR, Sherman SI, Cooper DS, Braunstein GD, Lee S, Davies TE, Arafan BM, Ladenson PW, Pinchira A 2003 Authors ’ response: A consensus report of the role of serum thyroglobulin as a monitoring method for low-risk patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:4508 – 4509.
187. Bachelot A, Leboulleux S, Baudin E, Hartl DM, Caillou B, Travagli JP, Schlumberger M 2005 Neck recurrence from thyroid carcinoma: Serum thyroglobulin and high-dose total body scan are not reliable criteria for cure after radioiodine treatment. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 62:376 – 379.
188. Robbins RJ, Srivastava S, Shaha A, Ghossein R, Larson SM, Fleisher M, Tuttle RM 2004 Factors influencing the basal and recombinant human thyrotropin-stimulated serum thyroglobulin in patients with metastatic thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:6010 – 6016.
189. Haugen BR, Pacini F, Reiners C, Schlumberger M, Ladenson PW, Sherman SI, Cooper DS, Graham KE, Braverman LE, Skarulis MC, Davies TF, De Groot LJ, Mazzaferri EL, Daniels GH, Ross DS, Luster M, Samuels MH, Becker DV, Maxon HR, Cavalieri RR, Spencer CA, McEllin K, Weintraub BD, Ridgway EC 1999 A comparison of recombinant human thyrotropin and thyroid hormone withdrawal for
DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CANCER: MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES 29 the detection of thyroid remnant or cancer
190. David A, Blotta A, Bondanelli M, Rossi R, Roti E, Braverman LE, Busulti L, degli Uberti EC 2001 Serum thyroglobulin concentrations and (131)I whole-body scan results in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma after administration of recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone. J Nucl Med 42:1470 – 1475.
191. Mazzaferri EL, Kloos RT 2002 Is diagnostic iodine-131 scanning with recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) useful in the follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer after thyroid ablation? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:1490 – 1498.
192. Haugen BR, Ridgway EC, McLaughlin BA, McDermott MT 2002 Clinical comparison of whole-body radioiodine scan and serum thyroglobulin after stimulation with recombinant human thyrotropin. Thyroid 12:37 – 43.
193. Lima N, Cavaliere H, Tomimori E, Knobel M, Medeiros- Neto G 2002 Prognostic value of serial serum thyroglobulin determinations after total thyroidectomy for differentiated thyroid cancer. J Endocrinol Invest 25:110 – 115.
194. Wartofsky L 2002 Management of low-risk well-differentiated thyroid cancer based only on thyroglobulin measurement after recombinant human thyrotropin. Thyroid 12:583 – 590.
195. Spencer CA, LoPresti JS, Fatemi S, Nicoloff JT 1999 Detection of residual and recurrent differentiated thyroid carcinoma by serum thyroglobulin measurement. Thyroid 9:435 – 441.
196. Hollowell JG, Staehling NW, Flanders WD, Hannon WH, Gunter EW, Spencer CA, Braverman LE 2002 Serum TSH, T(4), and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:489 – 499.
197. Spencer CA 2004 Challenges of serum thyroglobulin (thyroglobulin) measurement in the presence of thyroglobulin autoantibodies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:3702 – 3704.
198. Spencer CA, Takeuchi M, Kazarosyan M, Wang CC, Guttler RB, Singer PA, Fatemi S, Lo Presti JS, Nicoloff JT 1998 Serum thyroglobulin autoantibodies: Prevalence, influence on serum thyroglobulin measurement, and prognostic significance in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:1121 – 1127.
199. Chiovato L, Latrofa F, Braverman LE, Pacini F, Capezzone M, Masserini L, Grasso L, Pinchera A 2003 Disappearance of humoral thyroid autoimmunity after complete removal of thyroid antigens. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139:346 – 351.
200. David A, Blotta A, Rossi R, Zatelli MC, Bondanelli M, Roti E, Braverman LE, Busutti L, degli Uberti EC 2005 Clinical value of different responses of serum thyroglobulin to recombinant human thyrotropin in the follow-up of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 15:267 – 273.
201. Baudin E, Do Cao C, Cailleux AF, Leboulleux S, Travagli JP, Schlumberger M 2003 Positive predictive value of serum thyroglobulin levels, measured during the first year of follow- up after thyroid hormone withdrawal, in thyroid cancer patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:1107 – 1111.
202. Schaap J, Eustatia-Rutten CF, Stokkel M, Links TP, Diamant M, van der Velde EA, Romijn JA, Smit JW 2002 Does radioiodine therapy have disadvantageous effects in non-iodine accumulating differentiated thyroid carcinoma? Clin Endocrinol 57:117 – 124.
203. Schlumberger M, Mancusi F, Baudin E, Pacini F 1997 131- I Therapy for elevated thyroglobulin levels. Thyroid 7:273 – 276.
204. Mazzaferri EL, Kloos RT 2001 Current approaches to primary therapy for papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:1447 – 1463.
205. Pacini F, Capezzone M, Elisei R, Ceccarelli C, Taddei D, Pinchera A 2002 Diagnostic 131-iodine whole-body scan may be avoided in thyroid cancer patients who have undetectable stimulated serum thyroglobulin levels after initial treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:1499 – 1501.
206. Koh JM, Kim ES, Ryu JS, Hong SJ, Kim WB, Shong YK 2003 Effects of therapeutic doses of 131I in thyroid papillary carcinoma patients with elevated thyroglobulin level and negative 131 I whole-body scan: Comparative study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 58:421 – 427.207. Torlontano M, Crocetti U, D ’ Aloiso L, Bonfitto N, Di Giorgio A, Modoni S, Valle G, Frusciante V, Bisceglia M, Filelti S, Schlumberger M, Trischilta V 2003 Serum thyroglobulin and 131I whole body scan after recombinant human TSH stimulation in the follow-up of low-risk patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Eur J Endocrinol 148:19 – 24.
208. Pacini F, Molinaro E, Castagna MG, Agate L, Elisei R, Ceccarelli C, Lippi F, Taddei D, Grasso L, Pinchera A 2003 Recombinant human thyrotropin-stimulated serum thyroglobulin combined with neck ultrasonography has the highest sensitivity in monitoring differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:3668 – 3673.
209. Wang PW, Wang ST, Liu RT, Chien WY, Tung SC, Lu YC, Chen HY, Lee CH 1999 Levothyroxine suppression of thyroglobulin in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:4549 – 4553.
210. Leeper RD 1973 The effect of 131 I therapy on survival of patients with metastatic papillary or follicular thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 36:1143 – 1152.
211. Beierwaltes WH, Nishiyama RH, Thompson NW, Copp JE, Kubo A 1982 Survival time and “ cure ” in papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma with distant metastases: Statistics following University of Michigan therapy. J Nucl Med 23:561 – 568.
212. Bernier MO, Leenhardt L, Hoang C, Aurengo A, Mary JY, Menegaux F, Enkaoua E, Turpin G, Chiras J, Saillant G, Hejblum G 2001 Survival and therapeutic modalities in patients with bone metastases of differentiated thyroid carcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:1568 – 1573.
213. Dupuy DE, Monchik JM, Decrea C, Pisharodi L 2001 Radiofrequency ablation of regional recurrence from well-differentiated thyroid malignancy. Surgery 130:971 – 977.
214. Lewis BD, Hay ID, Charboneau JW, McIver B, Reading CC, Goellner JR 2002 Percutaneous ethanol injection for treatment of cervical lymph node metastases in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Am J Roentgenol 178:699 – 704.
215. Eustatia-Rutten CF, Romijn JA, Guijt MJ, Vielvoye GJ, van den Berg R, Corssmit EP, Pereira AM, Smit JW 2003 Outcome of palliative embolization of bone metastases in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:3184 – 3189.
216. Kloos RT, Mazzaferri EL 2005 A single recombinant hu-man thyrotrophin-stimulated serum thyroglobulin measurement predicts differentiated thyroid carcinoma metastases three to five years later. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:5047 – 5057.
217. Uchino S, Noguchi S, Yamashita H, Watanabe S 2004 Modified radical neck dissection for differentiated thyroid cancer: Operative technique. World J Surg 28:1199 – 1203.
218. Noguchi S, Yamashita H, Murakami N, Nakayama I, Toda M, Kawamoto H 1996 Small carcinomas of the thyroid. A long-term follow-up of 867 patients. Arch Surg
131:187 – 191. COOPER ET AL. 30
219. Marchesi M, Biffoni M, Biancari F, Berni A, Campana FP 2003 Predictors of outcome for patients with differentiated and aggressive thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Surg Suppl 588:46 – 50.
220. Ge JH, Zhao RL, Hu JL, Zhou WA 2004 Surgical treatment of advanced thyroid carcinoma with aero-digestive invasion. Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi 39:237 – 240.
221. Avenia N, Ragusa M, Monacelli M, Calzolari F, Daddi N, Di Carlo L, Semeraro A, Puma F 2004 Locally advanced thyroid cancer: Therapeutic options. Chir Ital 56:501 – 508.
222. McCaffrey JC 2000 Evaluation and treatment of aerodigestive tract invasion by well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Cancer Control 7:246 – 252.
223. Musholt TJ, Musholt PB, Behrend M, Raab R, Scheumann GF, Klempnauer J 1999 Invasive differentiated thyroid carcinoma: Tracheal resection and reconstruction procedures in the hands of the endocrine surgeon. Surgery 126: 1078 – 1087; discussion 1087 – 1088.
224. Czaja JM, McCaffrey TV 1997 The surgical management of laryngotracheal invasion by well-differentiated papillary carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 123:484 – 490.
225. Van Nostrand D, Atkins F, Yeganeh F, Acio E, Bursaw R, Wartofsky L 2002 Dosimetrically determined doses of radioiodine for the treatment of metastatic thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 12:121 – 134.
226. Brierley JD, Tsang RW 1999 External-beam radiation therapy in the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer. Semin Surg Oncol 16:42 – 49.
227. Robbins RJ, Schlumberger MJ 2005 The evolving role of (131)I for the treatment of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Nucl Med 46:28S – 37S.
228. Samuel AM, Rajashekharrao B, Shah DH 1998 Pulmonary metastases in children and adolescents with well-differentiated thyroid cancer. J Nucl Med 39:1531 – 1536.
229. Rudavsky AZ, Freeman LM 1997 Treatment of scan-negative, thyroglobulin-positive metastatic thyroid cancer using radioiodine 131I and recombinant human thyroid stimulating hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:11 – 14.
230. Ringel MD, Ladenson PW 1996 Diagnostic accuracy of 131I scanning with recombinant human thyrotropin versus thyroid hormone withdrawal in a patient with metastatic thyroid carcinoma and hypopituitarism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:1724 – 1725.
231. Luster M, Lassmann M, Haenscheid H, Michalowski U, Incerti C, Reiners C 2000 Use of recombinant human thyrotropin before radioiodine therapy in patients with advanced differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:3640 – 3645.
232. Mariani G, Ferdeghini M, Augeri C, Villa G, Taddei GZ, Scopinaro G, Boni G, Bodei L, Rabitti C, Molinari E, Bianchi R 2000 Clinical experience with recombinant human thyrotrophin (rhTSH) in the management of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 15:211 – 217.
233. Perros P 1999 Recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone (rhTSH) in the radioablation of well-differentiated thyroid cancer: Preliminary therapeutic experience. J Endocrinol Invest 22:30 – 34.
234. Lippi F, Capezzone M, Angelini F, Taddei D, Molinaro E, Pinchera A, Pacini F 2001 Radioiodine treatment of metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer in patients on L-thyroxine, using recombinant human TSH. Eur J Endocrinol 144:5 – 11.
235. Pellegriti G, Scollo C, Giuffrida D, Vigneri R, Squatrito S, Pezzino V 2001 Usefulness of recombinant human thyrotropin in the radiometabolic treatment of selected patients with thyroid cancer. Thyroid 11:1025 – 1030.
236. Adler ML, Macapinlac HA, Robbins RJ 1998 Radioiodine treatment of thyroid cancer with the aid of recombinant human thyrotropin. Endocr Pract 4:282 – 286.
237. Chiu AC, Delpassand ES, Sherman SI 1997 Prognosis and treatment of brain metastases in thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:3637 – 3642.
238. Vargas GE, Uy H, Bazan C, Guise TA, Bruder JM 1999 Hemiplegia after thyrotropin alfa in a hypothyroid patient with thyroid carcinoma metastatic to the brain. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:3867 – 3871.
239. Robbins RJ, Voelker E, Wang W, Macapinlac HA, Larson SM 2000 Compassionate use of recombinant human thyrotropin to facilitate radioiodine therapy: Case report and review of literature. Endocr Pract 6:460 – 464.
240. Braga M, Ringel MD, Cooper DS 2001 Sudden enlargement of local recurrent thyroid tumor after recombinant human TSH administration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:5148 – 5151.
241. Pons F, Carrio I, Estorch M, Ginjaume M, Pons J, Milian R 1987 Lithium as an adjuvant of iodine-131 uptake when treating patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Clin Nucl Med 12:644 – 647.
242. Koong SS, Reynolds JC, Movius EG, Keenan AM, Ain KB, Lakshmanan MC, Robbins J 1999 Lithium as a potential adjuvant to 131 I therapy of metastatic, well differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:912 – 916.
243. Ronga G, Filesi M, Montesano T, Di Nicola AD, Pace C, Travascio L, Ventroni G, Antonaci A, Vestri AR 2004 Lung metastases from differentiated thyroid carcinoma. A 40 years ’ experience. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 48:12 – 19.
244. Lin JD, Chao TC, Chou SC, Hsueh C 2004 Papillary thyroid carcinomas with lung metastases. Thyroid 14:1091 – 1096.
245. Shoup M, Stojadinovic A, Nissan A, Ghossein RA, Freedman S, Brennan MF, Shah JP, Shaha AR 2003 Prognostic indicators of outcomes in patients with distant metastases from differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Am Coll Surg 197:191 – 197.
246. Zettinig G, Fueger BJ, Passler C, Kaserer K, Pirich C, Dudczak R, Niederle B 2002 Long-term follow-up of patients with bone metastases from differentiated thyroid carcinoma— Surgery or conventional therapy? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 56:377 – 382.
247. Pittas AG, Adler M, Fazzari M, Tickoo S, Rosai J, Larson SM, Robbins RJ 2000 Bone metastases from thyroid carcinoma: Clinical characteristics and prognostic variables in one hundred forty-six patients. Thyroid 10:261 – 268.
248. Schlumberger M, Challeton C, De Vathaire F, Travagli J-P, Gardet P, Lumbroso J-D, Francese C, Fontaine F, Ricard M, Parmentier C 1996 Radioactive iodine treatment and external radiotherapy for lung and bone metastases from thyroid carcinoma. J Nucl Med 37:598 – 605.
249. Dinneen SF, Valimaki MJ, Bergstralh EJ, Goellner JR, Gorman CA, Hay ID 1995 Distant metastases in papillary thyroid carcinoma: 100 cases observed at one institution during 5 decades. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:2041 – 2045.
250. Foote RL, Brown PD, Garces YI, McIver B, Kasperbauer JL 2003 Is there a role for radiation therapy in the management of Hurthle cell carcinoma? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 56:1067 – 1072.
251. Pak H, Gourgiotis L, Chang WI, Guthrie LC, Skarulis MC, Reynolds JC, Merino MJ, Schrump DS, Libutti SK, Alexander HR Jr, Sarlis NJ 2003 Role of metastasectomy in the management of thyroid carcinoma: The NIH experience. J Surg Oncol 82:10 – 18.
DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CANCER: MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES 31
252. Vitale G, Fonderico F, Martignetti A, Caraglia M, Ciccarelli A, Nuzzo V, Abbruzzese A, Lupoli G 2001 Pamidronate improves the quality of life and induces clinical remission of bone metastases in patients with thyroid cancer. Br J Cancer 84:1586 – 1590.
253. Kitamura Y, Shimizu K, Nagahama M, Sugino K, Ozaki O, Mimura T, Ito K, Tanaka S 1999 Immediate causes of death in thyroid carcinoma: Clinicopathological analysis of 161 fatal cases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:4043 – 4049.
254. Benua RS, Cicale NR, Sonenberg M, Rawson RW 1962 The relation of radioiodine dosimetry to results and complications in the treatment of metastatic thyroid cancer. AJR 87:171.
255. Ilgan S, Karacalioglu AO, Pabuscu Y, Atac GK, Arslan N, Ozturk E, Gunalp B, Ozguven MA 2004 Iodine-131 treatment and